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PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) refers to tiny airborne particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. These minuscule particles, primarily originating from vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and household combustion, are a major health concern. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to various health issues, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In recent years, growing evidence suggests a significant association between PM2.5 exposure and the development of certain types of cancer, particularly lung cancer, bladder cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Formaldehyde is a common volatile organic compound (VOC) widely used in construction materials, furniture manufacturing, and cosmetics. It is also a natural byproduct of combustion processes, such as cooking and smoking. Despite its widespread applications, formaldehyde is a recognized health hazard and has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Nitrosamines are a common class of carcinogens primarily formed through nitrosation reactions. They are widely present in certain processed foods, particularly in cured, smoked, and processed meats such as sausages and bacon. Not only do they form during food processing, but they can also be found in tobacco smoke, car exhaust gases, and other environmental pollutants. Nitrosamines are considered a risk factor for cancers in multiple organs, including the liver, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, and colon.

Benzopyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a well-known carcinogen. It is commonly found in tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes, and charred food. As a potent environmental pollutant, benzopyrene has significant implications for cancer development, as it can bind to DNA and cause mutations, leading to cancer. This article explores how benzopyrene contributes to cancer, its mechanism of action, and how it affects human health.

Aflatoxins are natural toxins produced by the Aspergillus fungi, commonly found in moldy grains, nuts, dried fruits, and other food products. These toxins are not only potent carcinogens but also major contributors to foodborne diseases. This article explores the mechanisms through which aflatoxins induce cancer, the associated risks, and preventive strategies.

Cancer is a multifactorial disease, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing it. Here are some simple and effective tips to lower the chances of cancer